Reference Groups

One of the most persuasive groups to which an individual belongs or wishes to belong is a reference group. Reference groups may be as large as an entire citizenry or as small as a bridge club. Reference groups influence both a person’s attitude and his behaviour. In our Affordable Research Papers related to this topic we will briefly describe some aspects of this forceful group.
A reference group can simply be thought of as a group which serves as a standard or model for an individual’s own behaviour and attitudes. As the name implies, it is a group to which a person refers or ‘looks up to’ for guidance and evaluation of his own thoughts and actions. Reference groups are very effective in changing attitudes and behaviour, because people value the group and tend to evaluate themselves in comparison with it.
Reference group influences us in all spheres of life. Affordable research papers highlight the concept through marketing example. In the marketplace, some products and brands lend themselves readily to reference group pressures; whereas other products and brands are less susceptible. A survey research result on the issue is very crucial.
Where neither product nor brand appears to be associated strongly with reference group influence, advertising should emphasize the product’s attributes, intrinsic qualities, price and advantages over competitive products.
Where reference group influence is operative, the advertiser should stress the kinds of people who buy the products, reinforcing, and broadening where possible, the existing stereotypes of users. This involves learning what the stereotypes are and what specific reference groups enter into picture so that appeals can be tailored to each major group reached by the different media employed.
Since people have several reference groups, the marketing communicator must identify the primary reference group which people use in evaluating his firm’s product. The importance of this information is highly relevant to the design and implementation of marketing communication programs.

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Open Door Policy in Management

In our cheap custom papers you will read about open door policies in management. An open-door policy is a statement in which employees are encouraged to come to their supervisors of higher managers with any matter that concerns them. Usually employees are encouraged to see their supervisor first. If their problem is not resolved by the supervisor, then higher management is approached. The goal is to remove blocks to upward communication. It is a worthy goal, but it is not easy to implement because there, more often are psychological barriers between managers and employees. Although the manager’s door is physically open, but due to the psychological and social barriers which exist, that makes the employees reluctant to enter. Some employees hesitate to be singled out as lacking information or having a problem. Others are afraid they will incur their manager’s disfavour.
Cheap custom papers also deal with management topics. Sometimes an open-door policy is used to mask a manager’s own hesitancy to make contact with those beyond the door. On the other hand, a genuine open door can be a real aid to upward communication. The true test is whether the manager behind the door has an open-door attitude and whether employees feel psychologically free to enter.
In our cheap custom papers related to this topic we will further enlighten you that an even more effective open door policy is for mangers to walk through their doors and come out among their people. This way they learn more than they ever will by remaining in their offices.
Some organizations encourage telephone calls or personal contacts with their personnel director or communication director. The director then gives management inputs about employees’ interests and problems. If a response to an identified employee is required, the director secures it and makes a return call to the employee. Whatever the approach used, the objective is to show employees that management has an open door that is receptive to employee questions and comments.

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Fatigue at industrial work

Welfare is a convenient term to cover all those aspects of industrial life which contribute to the well-being of the worker. Cheap custom papers reflect more on this issue. Employer must obviously have some social responsibility to the community to prevent his factory becoming a source of danger or of disease. But beyond that he has a moral responsibility to the individual employee whose life he largely controls. The worker normally spends about one-third of his total working life in the factory. He has, therefore, every right to demand that the conditions under which he does so should be reasonable and provide proper safeguard for life, and health.

Unfortunately, even today many workplaces have been made without thought for even the minimum degree of comfort and efficiency of those who will work in them. The posture and movements of the worker largely determines the extent of fatigue caused by physical work. Much unnecessary waste of energy and consequent fatigue can be eliminated by improving existing equipment or environment. Modern changes in the factory can be read in our cheap custom papers. The modern science of Ergonomics is concerned with the designing of machines to adapt them to human physiological needs. But even the best designed machine will not fit every worker and close observation is necessary to note adjustments which can help the individual worker, such an alteration in the height of controls or provision of a raised platform to stand on. It is not the work of the personnel officer to redesign machines and controls, but he can point out to those who are responsible how the individual worker can be saved fatigue, and indeed be made more efficient on the job.
A change of posture from standing to sitting, or sitting to standing, or a certain amount of walking can give welcome relaxation to cramped muscles during working hours. Choice of posture should, if possible be available to the individual worker. Read all this in our cheap custom papers related to Fatigue at Industrial Work.

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