Individual Values and Society

Values are things or acts which are chosen by and are desirable to an individual or to society within a certain frame of reference. Business papers highlight both objects and acts-material things like Currency or Picasso Paintings and immaterial qualities like the goodness of a charitable act as all these are obviously values. There is always an element of choice. Business papers emphasis that where there is no choice, there is only necessity, not value. On reading our Business Papers you will understand that whatever is taken for granted has no value. To a perfectly healthy person or animal, health is not a value but it is simply taken care of by biological functions. Only when we envisage possible danger and can do something about it does health become a value. Prolongation of human life is possible; physical immortality is not. The first is a value, not the second. We have to pay for food, not for breathing air; therefore, the first has value, the second does not, even though it is equally indispensible for life.

This criterion applies to actions. In the course of a day, we perform innumerable actions which have no value involvement at all. Only where there is both choice and preferably do value judgments appear. Nobody cares what way a person choose to arrive at the office but consistently coming late or early is evaluated. On the other hand, if a person falls into the river and saves himself by swimming, this is not considered to be a moral act because it is pre-supposed that there is no choice between drowning and swimming. If another person falls into the river and you save him, you may get a medal because it is presupposed that you had a choice and took the socially desirable action.
Pleasure, social virtues, goodness, truth, beauty and deity, is based on approved notions of society and individuals act accordingly to get approval, acceptance and recognition. The ultimate aim of the individuals is to make stable society for effective living based on common values.

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Psychology: Resources to Modern Man

The problems of the twentieth century are problems of human relations quite as much as problems of technology. In modern life many professional resources are available to the individual who needs assistance in solving his problems. He can go to the lawyer for legal advice, consult a medical practitioner for physical ailments, have an architect design his home and obtain the services of innumerable other specialists for other special problems. As psychology has come to age, people have turned increasingly to professional psychologists and other qualified counsellors for help with marital, occupational, and educational problems.

Psychologists give out counselling for educational, occupational, and martial planning or help with problems. It is an assistance extended to individuals to make plans or solve particular personal problem. It is task centred and usually of short duration. Typically it begins with assessment of the individuals’ needs and resources, continues with clarification of alternative courses open to individual and terminates when a decision is reached, perhaps with a follow-up report session.
Psychotherapy is aimed at personality change and more effective methods of coping with problems. It may take the form of individual or group therapy or a combination of the two. Specific goals vary, depending on the client’s problem and life situation.
Group therapy is helpful for people with many kinds of problems. It provides a miniature laboratory of life where the group members can gain insight into their own behaviour and try out new and more effective coping patterns. Where the group consist of family members, the focus may also be on achieving more effective functioning of the marital or family group.
Modern psychology has resources through which individuals can be helped to achieve greater fulfilment of their potentialities and a richer and more satisfying life. Psychology helps the modern man through personal adjustment and growth, and solution to the specific problem.

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