Mental flexibility in food management

Mental flexibility determines ways of thinking and is thus directly connected with a person’s attitudes and philosophy of life. Mental flexibility, the attitude of readiness and willingness to face possible change, helps a person to see and plan ahead, and, what is more important, to adjust and control the plan as action takes place. This saves time. .

Flexibility in planning is called for in many areas of food management. Situations are constantly arising that makes it necessary to change menu patterns and homemakers must be prepared to make substitutions when the need arises. This involves knowing what foods can be satisfactorily substituted from the standpoint of nutrition and cost as well as combining well with the rest of the menu.
Sometimes flexibility is needed in adjusting the method of food preparation to lower time costs. Within all homes, constant adjustments are being made as plans are being evolved or carried out. The flexible-minded and adaptable homemaker is able to reduce time and conserve energy through her ability to reshape or adjust plans as the work of the day goes forward.
Dovetailing is fitting together parts of an operation in such a way that the results will be unified and easy-moving whole. In solving problems in home-making, dovetailing parts of or whole operations as plans are made or work goes forward tends to reduce time and energy input and at the same time produces a smoother running home.
It may be used both in the purchasing and the preparation of foods. Dovetailing is purchasing means planning and buying in quantities that will be adequate for more than one or two meals; Dovetailing in preparation means getting larger quantities of certain foods ready, a portion of which will be used in one form one day and in a different form on a later day. Dovetailed meal-planning or menu-making can be used without sacrificing adequate variety to satisfy individual taste.

Changes in levels of Consumption

Industrialization through science and improved methods of production and communication has made available a tremendous stock of goods from which people may choose in order to satisfy their wants. The active and potential wants of individuals are constantly changing as they are confronted with this wide variety of choices. Thus the level of consumption or manner of living constantly changes.

Level of consumption is not synonymous with standard of living, although it is its basis. A standard of living is a psychical fact. It is an attitude toward, a way of regarding, or of judging, a given mode of living. It is a subjective view of certain objective facts. The manner or level of consumption comprises these objective facts.
The standard of living is the satisfaction which is considered essential by an individual or a group. Such satisfactions make up an organic whole. It differs from a scale or way of living, which is merely the goods and services actually consumed; the dozens of eggs, the pairs of shoes etc. Scale or plane of living is the materially measurable form of the standards.
The level of consumption, or the content of the inventory of commodities used by the majority of families today, has increased and improved, largely because mass production had made more goods available for all. The standard, along with the level of consumption for a person has improved throughout the history of mankind.
Advertising is the method devised by industry to acquaint consumers with products. It has potent effect upon the level of consumption. Radio and television advertising, which reaches into practically every home, attempts to persuade the consumer to buy some article, or to change from one to another, or to change the brand. The advertiser has recognised the high place prestige and personal appeal hold for the individual and makes definite and constant appeal to emotional evaluation and personal gratification.
Hence advertising has accelerated the movement for change in the content of the family’s inventory, and, together with constantly increasing and rapidly changing stocks of commodities, has made intelligent buying ever more difficult for the family.

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Reference Groups

One of the most persuasive groups to which an individual belongs or wishes to belong is a reference group. Reference groups may be as large as an entire citizenry or as small as a bridge club. Reference groups influence both a person’s attitude and his behaviour. In our Affordable Research Papers related to this topic we will briefly describe some aspects of this forceful group.
A reference group can simply be thought of as a group which serves as a standard or model for an individual’s own behaviour and attitudes. As the name implies, it is a group to which a person refers or ‘looks up to’ for guidance and evaluation of his own thoughts and actions. Reference groups are very effective in changing attitudes and behaviour, because people value the group and tend to evaluate themselves in comparison with it.
Reference group influences us in all spheres of life. Affordable research papers highlight the concept through marketing example. In the marketplace, some products and brands lend themselves readily to reference group pressures; whereas other products and brands are less susceptible. A survey research result on the issue is very crucial.
Where neither product nor brand appears to be associated strongly with reference group influence, advertising should emphasize the product’s attributes, intrinsic qualities, price and advantages over competitive products.
Where reference group influence is operative, the advertiser should stress the kinds of people who buy the products, reinforcing, and broadening where possible, the existing stereotypes of users. This involves learning what the stereotypes are and what specific reference groups enter into picture so that appeals can be tailored to each major group reached by the different media employed.
Since people have several reference groups, the marketing communicator must identify the primary reference group which people use in evaluating his firm’s product. The importance of this information is highly relevant to the design and implementation of marketing communication programs.

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Open Door Policy in Management

In our cheap custom papers you will read about open door policies in management. An open-door policy is a statement in which employees are encouraged to come to their supervisors of higher managers with any matter that concerns them. Usually employees are encouraged to see their supervisor first. If their problem is not resolved by the supervisor, then higher management is approached. The goal is to remove blocks to upward communication. It is a worthy goal, but it is not easy to implement because there, more often are psychological barriers between managers and employees. Although the manager’s door is physically open, but due to the psychological and social barriers which exist, that makes the employees reluctant to enter. Some employees hesitate to be singled out as lacking information or having a problem. Others are afraid they will incur their manager’s disfavour.
Cheap custom papers also deal with management topics. Sometimes an open-door policy is used to mask a manager’s own hesitancy to make contact with those beyond the door. On the other hand, a genuine open door can be a real aid to upward communication. The true test is whether the manager behind the door has an open-door attitude and whether employees feel psychologically free to enter.
In our cheap custom papers related to this topic we will further enlighten you that an even more effective open door policy is for mangers to walk through their doors and come out among their people. This way they learn more than they ever will by remaining in their offices.
Some organizations encourage telephone calls or personal contacts with their personnel director or communication director. The director then gives management inputs about employees’ interests and problems. If a response to an identified employee is required, the director secures it and makes a return call to the employee. Whatever the approach used, the objective is to show employees that management has an open door that is receptive to employee questions and comments.

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Fatigue at industrial work

Welfare is a convenient term to cover all those aspects of industrial life which contribute to the well-being of the worker. Cheap custom papers reflect more on this issue. Employer must obviously have some social responsibility to the community to prevent his factory becoming a source of danger or of disease. But beyond that he has a moral responsibility to the individual employee whose life he largely controls. The worker normally spends about one-third of his total working life in the factory. He has, therefore, every right to demand that the conditions under which he does so should be reasonable and provide proper safeguard for life, and health.

Unfortunately, even today many workplaces have been made without thought for even the minimum degree of comfort and efficiency of those who will work in them. The posture and movements of the worker largely determines the extent of fatigue caused by physical work. Much unnecessary waste of energy and consequent fatigue can be eliminated by improving existing equipment or environment. Modern changes in the factory can be read in our cheap custom papers. The modern science of Ergonomics is concerned with the designing of machines to adapt them to human physiological needs. But even the best designed machine will not fit every worker and close observation is necessary to note adjustments which can help the individual worker, such an alteration in the height of controls or provision of a raised platform to stand on. It is not the work of the personnel officer to redesign machines and controls, but he can point out to those who are responsible how the individual worker can be saved fatigue, and indeed be made more efficient on the job.
A change of posture from standing to sitting, or sitting to standing, or a certain amount of walking can give welcome relaxation to cramped muscles during working hours. Choice of posture should, if possible be available to the individual worker. Read all this in our cheap custom papers related to Fatigue at Industrial Work.

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Individual Values and Society

Values are things or acts which are chosen by and are desirable to an individual or to society within a certain frame of reference. Business papers highlight both objects and acts-material things like Currency or Picasso Paintings and immaterial qualities like the goodness of a charitable act as all these are obviously values. There is always an element of choice. Business papers emphasis that where there is no choice, there is only necessity, not value. On reading our Business Papers you will understand that whatever is taken for granted has no value. To a perfectly healthy person or animal, health is not a value but it is simply taken care of by biological functions. Only when we envisage possible danger and can do something about it does health become a value. Prolongation of human life is possible; physical immortality is not. The first is a value, not the second. We have to pay for food, not for breathing air; therefore, the first has value, the second does not, even though it is equally indispensible for life.

This criterion applies to actions. In the course of a day, we perform innumerable actions which have no value involvement at all. Only where there is both choice and preferably do value judgments appear. Nobody cares what way a person choose to arrive at the office but consistently coming late or early is evaluated. On the other hand, if a person falls into the river and saves himself by swimming, this is not considered to be a moral act because it is pre-supposed that there is no choice between drowning and swimming. If another person falls into the river and you save him, you may get a medal because it is presupposed that you had a choice and took the socially desirable action.
Pleasure, social virtues, goodness, truth, beauty and deity, is based on approved notions of society and individuals act accordingly to get approval, acceptance and recognition. The ultimate aim of the individuals is to make stable society for effective living based on common values.

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Psychology: Resources to Modern Man

The problems of the twentieth century are problems of human relations quite as much as problems of technology. In modern life many professional resources are available to the individual who needs assistance in solving his problems. He can go to the lawyer for legal advice, consult a medical practitioner for physical ailments, have an architect design his home and obtain the services of innumerable other specialists for other special problems. As psychology has come to age, people have turned increasingly to professional psychologists and other qualified counsellors for help with marital, occupational, and educational problems.

Psychologists give out counselling for educational, occupational, and martial planning or help with problems. It is an assistance extended to individuals to make plans or solve particular personal problem. It is task centred and usually of short duration. Typically it begins with assessment of the individuals’ needs and resources, continues with clarification of alternative courses open to individual and terminates when a decision is reached, perhaps with a follow-up report session.
Psychotherapy is aimed at personality change and more effective methods of coping with problems. It may take the form of individual or group therapy or a combination of the two. Specific goals vary, depending on the client’s problem and life situation.
Group therapy is helpful for people with many kinds of problems. It provides a miniature laboratory of life where the group members can gain insight into their own behaviour and try out new and more effective coping patterns. Where the group consist of family members, the focus may also be on achieving more effective functioning of the marital or family group.
Modern psychology has resources through which individuals can be helped to achieve greater fulfilment of their potentialities and a richer and more satisfying life. Psychology helps the modern man through personal adjustment and growth, and solution to the specific problem.

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